1.中华人民共和国商务部等:《2019年度中国对外直接投资统计公报》,中国商务出版社2020年版,第29页。2.2020年,撒哈拉以南非洲国家的外债总额达7020亿美元,为2010年外债水平的2.3倍,平均负债率(外债余额与国内生产总值的比率)也由2010年的24%上升至2020年的44%。参见:World Bank, International Debt Statistics 2021, Washington DC: World Bank, 2021, p. 39.3.商务部:《2020年度中国对外承包工程统计公报》,中国商务出版社2021年版,第28页。4.Ibid,第35页。5.Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development, Social Impact Assessment for Proposed Isimba HPP (Dam and Reservoir), (April 2014), p. ix.6.Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development, Project for Master Plan Study on Hydropower Development in the Republic of Uganda, (March 2011), p.2.7.Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development, Plan for Meeting Uganda’s Electricity Supply Needs in The Short, Medium and Long Term, (June 2006).8.Vision Reporter, “Strategic Plan to Increase Power Supply Pays Dividends”, New Vision, (October 09, 2012), https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1308326/strategic-plan-increase-power-supply-pays-dividends.9.尽管乌干达政府为了稳定电价,自2005年起就一直为消费者提供电价补贴,每月的补贴金额曾一度达到950万美元,但用户的购电成本仍然居高不下。参见:Aga Khan Development Network, “President Museveni and the Aga Khan Inaugurate Bujagali Hydropower Plant”, (October 08, 2012), https://www.akdn.org/press-release/president-museveni-and-aga-khan-inaugurate-bujagali-hydropower-plant,.10.Vision Reporter, “Strategic Plan to Increase Power Supply Pays Dividends”, New Vision, (October 09, 2012), https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1308326/strategic-plan-increase-power-supply-pays-dividends,.11.Vision Reporter, “German Firm Gets Sh8b Isimba Power Deal”, New Vision, (May 18, 2009), https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1220700/german-firm-sh8b-isimba-power-deal.12.国际协力机构的研究发现,截至2011年3月,尽管乌干达全国水电站的总装机容量有409MW,但由于电力基础设施较为老旧,电力流失问题突出,加之长期干旱导致的水力不足,实际发电能力仅有140-200MW。而在用电高峰期,用电需求却有391MW之多。参见:Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development, Project for Master Plan Study on Hydropower Development in the Republic of Uganda Final Repor, (March 2011), p.1. 不过,虽然有着近200MW的电力亏缺,但若能将潜在的电力资源充分释放,乌干达仍有希望生产出充足的电能。据估计,该国境内拥有多达5300MW的可供电力开发的可再生资源,其中潜在水电资源达2200MW。其中2000MW可供大型水电站开发,另有200MW可为小型水电站利用。这些资源大部分集中在非洲最大的河流白尼罗河上。它发源于维多利亚湖,并流经该国全境。参见:Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development, The Renewable Energy Policy for Uganda, p.33.13.这7个潜在的水电站开发点分别是:Kalagala, Isimba, Karuma, Oriang, Ayago, Kiba 和 Murchison。14.Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development, Project for Master Plan Study on Hydropower Development in the Republic of Uganda Final Report Summary, (March 2011), pp. 29-30.15.Vision Reporter, “India gives $350m for Isimba dam”, New Vision, (May 29, 2008), https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1188910/india-usd350m-isimba-dam.16.Daily Monitor, “India to Give Shs1.1t for Isimba Hydro Plant”, (April 22, 2013), https://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Commodities/India-to-give-Shs1-1t-for-Isimba-hydro-plant/688610-1754556-view-printVersion-ypu0oa/index.html.17.The Observer, “Chinese, Indian State Banks Eye Uganda’s Power Plants”, (February 27, 2013), https://observer.ug/business/79-businesstopstories/23936-chinese-indian-state-banks-eye-ugandas-power-plants.18.访谈,中国水利电力对外有限公司乌干达分公司总经理,坎帕拉,2019年10月16日。事实上,由口行优惠买方信贷支持的工程项目,一般会把由中方企业为总承包商(出口商)作为贷款条件之一。但出于对项目所在国政府意见的尊重,口行、商务部项目主管部门和我驻所在国使馆经商处并不会对承包商作具体指定。具有投标或议标意向的工程承包企业往往需要自行开展项目公关工作。但当所在国政府希望进一步了解相关企业的资质时,我驻所在国使馆经商处便可以为其提供说明和背书。19.Anton Eberhard, et, al., Independent Power Projects in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons from Five Key Countries, Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2016, pp. 251-253.20.Daily Monitor, “Govt Awards Chinese Company Isimba Hydropower Project”, (July 28, 2013), https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Govt-awards-Chinese-company-Isimba-Hydropower-project/-/688334/1928600/-/nbwqln/-/monitor.co.ug.21.The Independent, “The Truth about Karuma, Isimba Mess”, (April 25, 2016), https://www.independent.co.ug/the-truth-about-karuma-isimba-mess/3/.22.Parliament of Uganda. March, Report of the Committee on National Economy on the Proposal by Government to Borrow up to US $ 482,578,142.32 from the Export-Import Bank of China to Finance the Construction of the 183 MW Isimba Hydropower Project and the Isimba-Bujagali Interconnection Project, (March 2015), p.12.23.Ibid, pp. 7-9.24.斯瓦希里语,意为“电”。25.Ibid, p. 9.26.中国对外承包工程商会:《乌干达伊辛巴水电站竣工》,http://www.chinca.org/CICA/info/19032509494211,2019年3月25日。27.Uganda Media Centre, “Independence Day Celebration”, (October 09, 2019), https://www.mediacentre.go.ug/media/independence-day-celebration.28.Electricity Regulatory Authority, “Energy Sales by Customer Category”, (April 02, 2019), https://www.era.or.ug/index.php/electricity-distribution-statistics/energy-sales-by-customer-cateory.29.进入21世纪以来,乌干达的用电价格居高不下,甚至远高于邻国坦桑尼亚和肯尼亚同期的电价水平。造成乌干达用电成本过高的原因包括水力发电能力不足,技术问题导致的电力损失,以及监督和治理能力缺失导致的部分用户偷电或欠款的现象等。参见:The Republic of Uganda, National Development Plan (2010/2011-2014/2015), (April 2010), pp. 30-31. 与此同时,自2005年起政府为稳定电价采取的电价补贴政策,也给该国的财政造成了沉重的负担。到了2011年,补贴水平已经上升到了不可持续的程度。截至2012年1月补贴政策被废止时,乌干达政府共向各发电厂支付了6.23亿美元。参见:Elias Biryabarema, “UPDATE 1-Uganda Removes Power Subsidies, Inflation a Worry”, Reuters, , (January 12, 2012), https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-electricity-subsidy/update-1-uganda-removes-power-subsidies-inflation-a-worry-idUSL6E8CC3UN20120112. 随着电价补贴的停止,乌干达的电价水平在2012年出现了飙升,打击了用户接通电能的意愿。参见:Electricity Regulator Authority, Electricity Tariffs and Statistics (2003-2019). 转引自Budget Monitoring and Accountability Unit (BMAU) of Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, BMAU Briefing Paper 29/19, (June 2019), p.3.30.Xinhua News Agency, “Chinese-built Power Plants in Uganda to Reduce Tariff Rate by 17.5 Pct”, (May 15, 2019), http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-05/15/c_138061277.htm.31.Electricity Regulatory Authority, “Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)-Tariffs”, https://era.or.ug/index.php/faq/tariffs.未经授权,请勿转载,引用请注明出处。END栏目介绍: